Korean :

Chinese :

English : Won Ho Chang

 

 

  Title 

Professor-Emeritus, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211

 

  Telephones

949-458-3831, 949-636-8865 (Cell)

 

 

  E-Mails

changw@missouri.edu / changw37@gmail.com

 

 

  Addresses

4010-2B Calle Sonora Oeste, Laguna Woods, California 92637-3292

 

 

Educational Degrees

 

 

1961. 3. 21

BA in Political Science, Korea University
[
고려대학교 정치외교학 학사]

 

1968.6.5

BA in Journalism, University of Oregon

 

1970.1.20

MA in Journalism, University of Southern California

 

1972.5.10

Ph.D. in Mass Communication, University of Iowa

 

 

Appointments

 

 

2011-2014

Director, Board of the Third Laguna Hills Mutual

 

2005-2007

President, Korean-American Club, Laguna Woods Village

 

2005-2007

Treasurer, Laguna Woods Village Men’s Golf Club

 

2001-2003

Distinguished Chair Professor, Ajou University 
[
아주대학교 미디어학부 석좌 교수]

 

1987-1988

Fulbright Professor to Korea University [훌브라이트 교수]

 

1980-1981

Visiting Professor, Korea University and Sophia University 
[
고려대학교 일본 上智대학교 객원교수]

 

 

1972-1977

University of Missouri-Columbia, Assistant Professor [조교수]

 

 

1977-1982

University of Missouri-Columbia, Associate Professor [부교수]

 

 

1982-2000

University of Missouri-Columbia, Professor [교수]

 

1996-1997

President, International Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity 
[
국제 주관성 과학적 연구학회 회장]

 

1992-현재

Director of William Stephenson Research Center [스티븐슨 연구소 소장]

 

1992.8

O.O. McIntyre Distinguished Professor [맥칸타이어 석좌교수]

 

 

1991-1992

Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies 
[
연구 대학원 담당 부학장]

 

 

1995-1998

Chair, Advertising Department [광고학과 학과장]

 

1983-1986

President, Korean American Communication Association 
[
한미 언론 학회 회장]

 

 

1983-1987

Director, Journalism Computer Center [언론 컴퓨터 센터 소장]

 

1963-1966

Administrative Officer, United Nations Special Project in Korea 
[
유엔 특별기금 사업 사무 담당관]

 

 

1961-1963

Associate Manager, Personnel Department, Office of Rural Development [농촌진흥청 인사담당 행정주사]

 

Publications [연구 실적]

 

 

새로운 청년을 위하여 [An American journey of A Korean-American Journalism Professor], 중앙 M&B, 2000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

미국을 넘으면 한국이 보인다[What Koreans Can Learn from american Experience], 도서출판 이채, 1998

 

 

 

 

 

미국신문의 위기와 이해 [The Crisis and Challenge of American Newspapers], 나남출판, 1998

 

 

The Rise of Asian Advertising (with Teddy Palasthira and Hung Kyu Kim), Nanam: Seoul, Korea, 1995.

 

 

장박사와 미주리 언론마피아 [Dr. Chang and Missouri Journalism Mafia], Nanam: Seoul, Korea, 1995.

 

 

하이! 닥터 [Hi! Dr. Chang], 벽호출팜, 1997.

 

 

하이! 닥터 [Hi! Dr. Chang], 벽호출팜, 1997.

 

 

Mass Media in China: Its History and Future, Iowa State University Press: Ames, Iowa, 1989.

 

 

激變하는 新中國 [Rapidly Changing China], 시사영어사, 1989.

 

 

Editor, Sungkok Journalism Review, Vol. 1-Vol. 12, Sungkok Journalism Foundat

ion, 1990-2002.

 

 

Codes--The Ethical Free-For-All, Freedom of Information Center and American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA), March 1977.

 

 

노동신문에 나타난 쏘련[The Image of Soviet Union in the Nodong Shinmun], 한국외국어 대학교 출판부, 1981.

 

 

TV 정치[Television and Politics in Korea], 한국방송공사, 1988.

 

 

"Characteristics of Women's Page Editors," Journalism Quarterly, Spring 1975.

 

 

"A Typology Study of Movie Critics," Journalism Quarterly, Winter 1975.

 

 

"Mass Communication and Acculturation," Resources in Educahon, January 1975.

 

 

"Communication and Acculturation," In H. Kim (Editor), The Korean Diaspora: Historical and Sociological Studies of Korean Immigration and Assimilation in North America. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, Inc., 1977.

 

 

"What Interests You Most About Journalism: A Thematic Content Aoalysis," 新聞學報 [Journalism Report], December, 1980.

 

 

"Unification Issues in Two Korean Newspapers", Journalism Quarterly, Winter, 1981.

 

 

"Vertical Integration of Mass Media in Japan," Gazette (International Journal of the Science of the Press), Vol. 27, No.3, 1981.

 

 

"Network Television Coverage of International News," 新聞學報 [Journalism Report], Vol.18, October1, 1984.

 

 

"Yonhap News Agency: Gatekeeper of International News in Korea," Korean Studies (University of Hawaii Press), Vol. 8, June, 1985.

 

 

"American Foreign Policy and the Press: A Study of American Newspapers' Coverage of Korean News," Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 63, June, 1986

 

 

"China Daily: A New Voice in a New China," The Journal of Asiatic Research, July 1988 (Co-authored with Jane Clark)

 

 

"Korean Students and Anti-American Attitudes: A Q-Methodological Study," Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 67, June, 1989.

 

 

"Image of Soviet Union in American Newspapers: A Content Analysis Three Newspapers," Is the Cold War Over? edited by Everette E. Dennis, George Gerbaer, Yassen N. Zassoursky, Sage Publications, 1991.

 

 

"Global Journalism," Sungkok Journalism Review, Vol 3, 1992.

 

 

"Image of North Korea in American Television News," Sungkok Journalism Review, Vol.5, 1994

 

 

"Global Information Network," International Communications in North-East Asia, edited by Hyeon-Dew Kang, Nanam Publishing House, 1994.

 

 

"Why the American Press Does Not Report What the Korean Public Likes?" Sungkok Journalism Review, Vol 7, 1996.

 

 

 

 

"통신 위성개발과 개발도상국," 한국외국 어대학보, 1981 .

 

 

" 세계 정보질서," 신문연구, 1984 .

 

 

"컴퓨터와 신문," 컴퓨터 비죤, 1984 7.

 

 

"한국 TV 토론 푸로그램," 방송연구, 1987 10.

 

 

"문화혁면후의 중국 매쓰미디어," 韓國人, 1987 10.

 

 

"민주주의의 선거 여론 조사," 동아일보, 1987 10 6.

 

 

"미국 언론의 새로운 경향," 新聞硏究, 1987 11.

 

 

"위험제도와 선거운동," 중앙일보 1987 12 9.

 

 

"중국사회의 변화," 韓國人, 1988 10.

 

 

"중국의 한국인과 한국언론," 월간조선, 1988 3.

 

 

"중국의 사회경제 개발," 동아일보, 1988 7 11-13.

 

 

"쏘련붕괴와 미국언론," 新聞硏究, 1991 11.

 

 

"재미 한인신문," 미국의 한국인, 민병갑편저, 서울 유림문화사, 1991, pp.280-296.

 

 

"새로운기술과 신문산업," 신문과방송, 1992 2.

 

 

"데이타 베이스와 신문산업," 신문과방송, 1992 6.

 

 

"디지탈 미디어와 신문," 신문과방송, 1993 8.

 

 

"정보혁명과 21세기," 한국문화와 21세기, 서울 나남출판, 1996.

 

 

"여름 바캉스 시즌 반짝 섹션 성공: 미국신문의 섹션견쟁 사례," 신문과 방송, 1997 6.

 

 

"미국신문의 위기와 장래," 新聞硏究, 1997 여름

 

 

"Communication and Acculturation: A Study of Ethnic Groups in Los Angeles," presented at the 1972 Convention of the Association for Education in Journalism (AEJ) at Carbondale, Illinois, August 21 -23, 1972.

 

 

"Complex Communication System and Social Change," presented at the 1973 International Communication Association (ICA) at Montreal, Canada; April 21-24, 1973.

 

 

"Mass Communication and Acculturation," presented at the 1974 AEJ Convention at San Diego, California; August 18-21, 1974.

 

 

"Woman's Page Editors: Self Perceived Status," Presented at the 1974 AEJ Convention at San Diego, California; August 18-21, 1974.

 

 

"Myth of Democracy: From a Communication Perspective," presented at the 1974 Mid-Western Conference on Asian Affairs at Lawrence, Kansas; November 1-2, 1974.

 

 

"Freedom of the Press in Korea," an invitation paper to speak at the 9th Korean Christian Scholars Conference at Dallas, Texas; March 22-25, 1975.

 

 

"Communication and Political Socialization," presented at the Joint Conference of Korean Political Science Association and American Korean Political Science Association at Seoul, Korea; June 7-12, 1975.

 

 

"Freebies Achille's Heel of Journalism Ethics," Paper presented at the Winter Meeting of the Mass Communication and Society Division, Association for Education in Journalism. March, 1979. Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Co-authored with Keith P. Sanders.

 

 

"Unification Issues in Korea: A Content Analysis of Dong-A Ilbo and Nodong Sinmum," presented at the Third Joint Conference of the Korean Political Science Association at Seoul, Korea, June 18-20, 1979.

 

 

"Future of the Journalism Education in America," presented at the Annual Convention of the Korean Journalism Association at Chungpyung, Korea, August 7-10, 1980.

 

 

"How to Use Two Extra Pages: For the Benefit of the Readers," Presented to A Special Panel Discussion with Editorial Staff of Joongang Ilbo, December 20, 1980.

 

 

"Mass Media and National Development: National Level Analysis," presented at the 1984 Internationa1 Communication Association (ICA) convention, May 24-28, Hilton Hotel in San Francisco, California.

 

 

"Computer and New Technology in Mass Media," a special lecture for the Korea Press Institute in Korea, June 19, 1984.

 

 

"Computer Graphic and Animation in Television," a special lecture for the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), June 27, 1984.

 

 

"Community Newspaper in America," a guest lecture for the annual Convention of the Korean Newspaper Publishers Association, June 27-28, Sokri-Mountain Hotel in Korea.

 

 

"Television Networks and International News," presented to the 1984 convention ofthe Korean Journalism Association, June 30-July l, 1984, Chunchon Tourist Hotel, in Chunchon, Korea.

 

 

"Pragmatism as a Way of American Life," presented to the International Seminar of the Daewoo Foundation, July 2-4, 1984, Hilton Hotel In Seoul, Korea.

 

 

"Computer and New Technology in Newspaper," a special lecture for the staff of the Korea Economic News, July 5, 1984.

 

 

"Agricultural Journalism in America," for the staff of the Farmer's News in Korea, July 19, 1984.

 

 

"Computer and Newspaper Production," a special lecture for the staff of the Chosun Daily News, July 20, 1984

 

 

"Delivery Problem in American Newspapers," for a special lecture for the meeting of the Korean Newspaper Sales Managers Association, July 25, 1984.

 

 

"Gatekeeping Control of International News: A Case Study of Yonhap News Agency in Korea," presented at the 1985 ICA Convention in Hawaii, May 23-27, 1985.

 

 

"Typology Study of Attitudes Toward Crime News in Korea," presented at the 1985 ICA Convention in Hawaii, May 23-27, 1985.

 

 

"The Press in China," a speech delivered to a Korea University alumni meeting on September 24, 1987.

 

 

I was on a special panel for the KBS program "Friday Debate" concerning "the Presidential Election and TV Debate," on October 16, 1987.

 

 

"The Koreans and Korean Newspapers in China," a special lecture delivered to the public under the sponsorship of the Korean Cultural Research Center of Korea University on October 24, 1987.

 

 

I was invited to be a special panel member for a workshop on "the 1988 Olympics and Television," held in Yusong, Korea for three days, October 28-30, 1987.

 

 

"Equality and Economic Development in China," a special speech delivered to a meeting of the national Business Owners Association on November 10, 1987.

 

 

"Political Broadcasting and Fair Reporting," a special lecture for a group of reporters of the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) on November 11, 1987.

 

 

"Korean Immigrants and Korean Language Newspapers," a special lecture for students of Kaemyung University in Daegu, Korea on November 12, 1987.

 

 

"The Changing Pattern ofthe ChinesePress," a special lecture for graduate students of ChungnamUniversity in Daejun, Korea on November 17, 1987.

 

 

"Korean Immigrants and Korean Language Newspapers," a special lecture for a class of mayors class at the National Training Center for Provincial Government Employees on November 23, 1987.

 

 

"Korean Immigrants and Korea Language Newspapers," a special lecture f or students of Chun-nam National University in Kwangju on November 27, 1987.

 

 

"Korean Immigrants and Korea Language Newspapers," a speech to the meeting of the Korean Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society at the President Hotel on March 23, 1988.

 

 

"Social Control of Information in America," a speech to the meeting of the American Studies Association of Korea on March 31, 1988.

 

 

"Image of Koreans in the American Media," a speech to a USIS seminar in Kwangju, Korea on April 15,1988.

 

 

"Current trends of Mass Media Research in the United States," a speech to the annual meeting of the University of Missouri Alumni in Japan on April 30, 1988.

 

 

"Alternative Newspapers in the United States," a speech to a USIS seminar inTaegu, Korea on May 4, 1988.

 

 

"Computer Application for Newspapers," a speech toThe Kookmin Daily News on August 5, 1988.

 

 

"Computer and Newspaper: System Design," Keynote speech to the Seoul Press Foundation Seminar at Dragon Valley Hotel, July 7-10, 1989.

 

 

"Media Reform in Korea," (Co-authored with Young-Khee Kim) presented to the Western Conference of the Association of Asian Studies at the California State University at Long Beach, California, October, 1989)

 

 

"Press and National Interest," presented at the 4th International Conference of ISSSS at University of Missouri, October, 1989.

 

 

"Journalistic Ethics in Korea," presented to the Mini-Conference on International Communication and Ethics at University of Missouri, April 20-22, 1990.

 

 

"Future of Advertising in the Pacific Rim," An invited speech to the International Symposium for the 10th Anniversary of the China Daily, Grand Hotel-Beijing, June 1, 1991.

 

 

"FutureofNewspaperIndustry," Special lecture to the Graduate School of the Korea University, June 11,1991.

 

 

"Global Information Network: Cooperative Perspectives for Broadcasting in Northeast Asian Countries," Presented at the international symposium on Changing International Order in North-East Asia and Communication Policies at Hotel Shilla, Seoul, Korea, April 7-9, 1992.

 

 

"Cooperative Steps Toward Planetary Journalism," presented at the 14th International Conference of the International Peace Research Association in Kyoto, Japan, July 27-31, 1992.

 

 

"Future of Newspaper Industry in the United States," The 1st International Conference on Mass Media and the Future Society, Korea University, June 4, 1993.

 

 

"New Communication Technology and Mass Media," a special lecture for the All China Journalists Association in Beijing China, June 9, 1993.

 

 

"Future of Advertising in the United States," a speical lecture for the graduate school of mass communication, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, May 24, 1994.

 

 

"Journalism and Journalism Education for the 21th Century," a special lecture for Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea, May 27, 1994.

 

 

"Newspaper for the 21th Century," a lecture for Wonkwang University, Chonju, Korea, June 9, 1994.

 

 

"Image of North Korea in American Television News," presented at the 19th IAMCR Conference in Seoul, Korea, July 3-3, 1994.

 

 

"Image of North Korea in American Television News: A Content Analysis of Three Network News," presented at the 44th Annual Conference of the IA in Sydney, Australia, July 11-15, 1994.

 

 

"Multimedia and Journalism," a special speech for the celebration of the 30th Anniversary of the Sungkok Journalism Foundation, Dragon Valley, Korea, September 16, 1995.

 

 

"Why the American Press Does Not Report What the Korean Public Likes?" presented at the 3rd Truman Conference at the President Hotel, Seoul, Korea on October 11, 1996.

 

 

"What Koreans can Learn from American Experience: Mass Media and Society," keynote speech for the International Conference on "New Horizons for Local Media in the 21st Century," Chonnam National University in Kwangju, Korea on November 22, 1996.

 

 

"World's Quality Papers and Korean Press," the first International Journalism Workshop, organized by The Munhwa Ilbo, Seoul, Korea on November 25, 1996

 

 

"University/College Newspapers in America," Keynote Speech to a special seminar for the 50th anniversary celebration of Korea University Press, Koreana Hotel, November 3, 1997.

 

Ph.D. Dissertations  [박사 지도논문]

 

 

 

 

Jyoti P. Dutta, "Mass Communication and NationalDevelopment : A Case Study of Bangladesh," August 1980.

 

 

Michael E. Abrams, "Religious Broadcasting: A Q-Methodological Study of Elderly Audiences," May 1981

 

 

Murilo Ramos, "Ideology of the News : Images of the Working Class in Brazilian Newspapers," December 1981

 

 

William James Willis, "Leadership in the Newsroom : The Editor as a People Manager," May 1982.

 

Yong Sang Park, "Freedom of the Press:A Q-Methodological Study," August 1983.

 

 

Jeong-Tak Kim, "Communication and Alienation," December 1984.

 

 

Hung Kyu Kim, "Crime News in Korea: An Attitudinal Study," May 1984.

 

 

Ven-Hwei Lo, "Scientific Method as a Journalistic Tool : A Q-Methodological Study," May 1985

 

 

Shubua Chang, "Communication and National Integration : A Content Analysis of Chinese Newspapers," December 1985.

 

 

William A. Mulligan, "Journalism Revolution in China," December 1985.

 

 

Seung Hyun Kim, "Information Flow : A Critical Approach from a World-System Perspective," May 1986.

 

 

Jung-Ho Han, " Segmentation of Readers' Perceptions of a Newspaper's Self-Advertising Messages : Cognitive and Affective Levels of Attitudes," May 1987 .

 

 

Sang Won Lim, "Ideology and International Information Flow : A Q-Methodological Study," July 1987.

 

 

Suk-Hong Yoon, "National Interest and Press : A Q-Methodological Study," July 1987.

 

 

Man-Soo Chung, "Consumer Information-Seeking Behavior and Magazine Advertisements : A Case Study of Automobile Advertising," May 1988

 

 

Tae Chul Jung, "The Media, Social Conflict and Change in South Korea: A Critical Analysis," December 1988.

 

 

Girl-Jin Chung, "Attitudes toward Advertising : A Q-Methodological Study of Consumers and Advertising Practioners in Korea," May, 1990.

 

 

Byung Dong Woo, "President Nixon and the Washington Post : A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Watergate Affair," May, 1991.

 

 

Young-Khee Kim, "Mass Media, Environment and Social Movement : A Q-methodological Study," December, 1991.

 

 

Min-Kyu Lee, "Personal Computers and Newspaper Journalists : An Application of Reasoned Action Theory," December, 1992.

 

 

Byung Soo Lee, "Power and Knowledge : Newspapers' Coverage of the Steel Strike of 1919-20," May 1993.

 

 

Richard J. Ganahl, "Newspaper Readership and Credibility : An Application of Media Uses and Gratification Theory," May 1994

 

 

Jong-Chan Kim, "Press and Military in Korea : An attitudinal Study," May, 1995.

 

 

Wenbing Chen, "A Socio-Professional Portrait of the Washington Foreign Correspondents," May, 1995.

 

 

Seung Koo Kang, "The Persuasive Effect of Corporate Image Advertising : A Study of the Advertisements of Automobile Corporations," December, 1995.

 

 

Jane Bess Singer, "Newspaper Journalists' Actions and Attitudes Regarding Interactive Media," May 1996.

 

 

Jiafei Yin, "Selling to the Central Kingdom : A Survey of International Advertisers in China," May, 1997.

 

 

Euntaek Lee, "Journalism, Health and Community : A Q Methodological Study," May 1998.

 

 

Kewen Zhang, "The Computer Network-Based Media and Ethnic Electronic Community," August, 1998.

 

 

Jongmin Park, "Causal Attributions and Expectancy Estimates of Commercial Web Surfers," December, 1999.

 

 

Hun Shik Kim, "Gatekeeping International News: A Q Methodological Study of Television journalists in the United States of America and Korea," May, 2002.

 

 

 

 

 

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     When I was told by a group from the Laguna Woods Village that they were organizing a tour to see the autumn foliage in the Death Valley, I wasn’t convinced that such a natural wonder even took place in the desert. I had seen beautifully colored trees on Seorak Mountain in Korea, the Austrian Alps, Algonquin Park in Canada, and the Yale University golf course, but I had never known that such a famous tourist attraction existed in our nearby vicinity.


   However, I was told that the fall colors are beautiful in the desert, by a former botanical professor in the village and that the normally green leaves of the various deciduous trees and shrubs in the desert turn to vibrant red and yellows for just a few weeks in the autumn. He explained that leaves are green because of the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll in their cells during the growing season. In late summer, as daylight hours shorten and temperatures cool, the veins that carry fluids in and out of leaves gradually close up as a layer of special cork cells begins to form at the base of each leaf. As the cork layer thickens, the intake of water and minerals is reduced, causing the leaves to change color.



       In light of that information, I decided to join the tour.

      Our tour bus left Gate #3 of the Village around 9:00 one morning during the last week of October. As soon as we pulled out, our tour guide began her introduction on what we were about to see as we headed toward the autumn foliage in Death Valley. She told us that the beautiful yellow leaves we would see would be mainly on a species of tree called a cottonwood. We’d be visiting a number of lakes with colorful names such as Convict, Topaz, Mono, June, and Silver, where cottonwoods were the dominant type of tree. According to our guide, we wouldn’t be disappointed because the cottonwoods put on a spectacular color display in the fall.

     Cottonwoods were widely grown for timber along river wetlands or lake banks, where their exceptional growth rate provided a large crop of wood in just 10–30 years. The wood, coarse and of fairly low value, was used for pallet boxes, shipping crates, and for other purposes where a cheap but strong wood was required before plastic became readily available.

     I personally started my working career as an administrative officer at Korea’s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry right after graduation from Korea University in 1961. As part of my duties, I helped Koreans plant millions of Italian poplars along the riverbanks by special order of General Park Chung-Hee, who had just come to power following a military coup. Koreans used poplar to make chopsticks, matches, and toothpicks.

  

Manzanar 

 



     After driving five hours on Highway 395 and a number of other roads, we finally reached Manzanar, our first stop, to see the most widely known of the ten camps where some 120,000 Japanese-Americans were incarcerated during World War II.  Manzanar (which means “apple orchard” in Spanish) is the best-preserved of the former camp sites.

     Long before the first group of Japanese-Americans arrived in March 1942, Manzanar was home to Native Americans, who lived in villages near several creeks in the area but abandoned the town by 1929 after the city of Los Angeles purchased the water rights to virtually the entire area. As different as those two groups were, their histories each featured a common thread—that of forced relocation. Since the last of the detainees left in 1945, former detainees and other concerned citizens have worked to preserve Manzanar as a National Historical Site for future generations. 

     Of the 120,000 people incarcerated under armed guard at Manzanar, two-thirds were American citizens. They had committed no crimes, there were no trials, and there were no convictions. They were simply political detainees, unjustly sentenced to what amounted to an American concentration camp.

After the camp closed, the site was returned to its original state.

     All the structures were removed, with the exception of two sentry posts at the entrance, the cemetery monuments, and the former Manzanar High School auditorium, which was purchased by Inyo County. The county then leased the auditorium to the Veterans of Foreign Wars, who used it as a meeting facility and community theater until 1951. After that, the building was used as a maintenance facility by the Inyo County Road Department.

     In the visitor’s center, we watched a video that showed former President Ronald Reagan officially proclaim that the 1942 government action had been wrong and declaring that every living detainee would be paid $20,000. As I watched, I wondered why the Japanese government didn’t do such a thing after the inhumane treatment of Korean women during that same war.

     The Manzanar site also retains several building foundations, portions of the water and sewer systems, the outline of the road grid, and the remains of landscaping constructed by detainees. The site also retains evidence of the ranches and the town of Manzanar, as well as artifacts from the days of the Owens Valley Paiute settlement.

 


 

Convict Lake

 

     I was deep in recalling childhood memories thought about World War II, which I still remember vividly, as we drove another hour from Manzanar to Convict Lake in the Sherwin Range of California’s Sierra Nevada. The lake is well known for its fishing and the dramatic mountains that surround it, including Mount Morrison. Its surface lies at an elevation of 7,850 ft. It was wonderfully picturesque to see the yellow cottonwood leaves and the rugged snow-covered mountains reflected in the water.

 


 

     The lake was named after an incident that took place September 23, 1871. A group of convicts escaped from prison in Carson City and a posse from Benton, led by Deputy Sheriff George Hightower, encountered them near the headwaters of what is now called Convict Creek. Posse member Robert Morrison, a Benton merchant and Wells Fargo agent, was killed in the ensuing battle. Mt. Morrison was named after him.

  

Topaz Lake 

 

     Topaz Lake is a reservoir located on the California-Nevada border, about seventy-five miles south of Reno. The lake was formed by diverting water from the West Walker River into a nearby basin that had previously contained a smaller natural lake. The initial construction took place in 1922. The levee and reservoir have been owned and operated by the Walker River Irrigation District ever since its construction.   

     Topaz Lake is popular for boaters, water skiers, campers, and fishermen. Fishing season runs from January 1 to September 30 and the lake is stocked with trout by both Nevada and California.     The lake is easily accessible from Highway 395. On the northwest shore of the lake is the Topaz lodge and casino, where we checked in for two nights. We rated the lodge at about three stars, which was fine, since the trip was organized to be fairly inexpensive.

     On our second day, we were scheduled to visit Alpine County, known as the Californian Alps, where an annual photography contest is held. We were also set to bathe in the Glover Hot Springs and to drive through Monitor Pass before returning to the lodge. However, there was a heavy snowfall overnight on Monitor Pass, so the itinerary was changed to include a drive to Lake Tahoe, about 100 miles north of the lodge.

     Just before we reached Carson City we stopped at Hunan, a Chinese restaurant, to enjoy a buffet lunch in the well-developed town of Gardnerville on Highway 395. Then we continued on to Lake Tahoe where, as a student of the University of Oregon, I had worked for three months in summer of 1967. 

 

Taylor Creek

 

 


     Taylor Creek is located on the south shore of beautiful Lake Tahoe. The Stream Profile Chamber, located a quarter mile down the Rainbow Trail, allows visitors an opportunity to study a diverted section of Taylor Creek through a panel of aquarium-like windows. It is a major attraction for local conservation and environmental education programs.  A 180-degree curved diorama illustrates life both above and below the water. That diorama features a mural displaying all the seasons at Taylor Creek.

 

 

Mono Lake

 

     Mono Lake is a large, shallow, saline soda lake in Mono County, California, formed at least 760,000 years ago as a terminal lake in a basin that had no outlet to the ocean, according to brochures in the visitor’s center. The lack of an outlet caused a high level of salt to accumulate in the lake, making the water quite alkaline.

 


 

     The lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on the brine shrimp that thrive in its waters. It also provides critical nesting habitat for more than two million migratory birds that feed on the shrimp.

     Mono Lake is in a geologically active area at the north end of the Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic chain and is close to Long Valley Caldera. The most recent eruption occurred a mere 350 years ago.

      In 1941, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power began diverting Mono Lake’s tributary streams 350 miles south to meet the growing water demands of the city. Deprived of its freshwater sources, the volume of Mono Lake was cut by half and its salinity doubled. Unable to adapt to such drastically changing conditions in such a short period of time, the ecosystem began to collapse. Islands that had previously contained important nesting sites became peninsulas that were vulnerable to predation by mammals and reptiles. Photosynthetic rates of algae, the base of the food chain, were reduced and the reproductive ability of the lake’s brine shrimp was impaired.

 

 


     Air quality also decreased as the exposed lake bed became the source of airborne particulate matter, violating the Clean Air Act. If something hadn’t been done, Mono Lake would have become a lifeless chemical sump.

     Appalled by that prospect, David Gaines formed the Mono Lake Committee in 1978 and began talking to conservation clubs, schools, service organizations, legislators, lawyers, and anyone else who would listen about the lake’s value. Under Gaines’s leadership, Mono Lake Committee membership grew to 20,000 and ultimately gained legal and legislative recognition for Mono Lake. Since its establishment, the committee has gained many victories in its fight to protect Mono Lake, with the help of the public and a coalition of government agencies and non-profit groups.

 

Tufa

 

     The unusual rock formations that grace Mono Lake’s shores are known as tufa. It is essentially common limestone, but what makes tufa uncommon is the way it forms.

 


 

     Typically, underwater springs rich in calcium mix with lake water rich in carbonates. As the calcium comes in contact with the carbonates, a chemical reaction occurs, resulting in calcium carbonate—also known as limestone.

     The calcium carbonate precipitates around the spring, and over the course of centuries, a tufa tower forms. Growing exclusively under water, some tufa towers grow to heights of more than thirty feet. The reason it’s possible to see so many tufa towers around Mono Lake today is because the lake level has fallen dramatically since 1941.

 

June Lake 

 

     June Lake is located on the other side of Highway 390 from the Mono Lake, at an elevation of 7654 feet. The majority of the developed community is spread narrowly along a five-mile stretch of California State Route 158 (which is also known either as June Lake Loop Road or Boulder Drive in the populated areas.)

 

 


     June Lake’s valley, often described as a horseshoe canyon, was formed by glacial action. The Rush Creek glacier split in two when it encountered the resistant rock of what is now known as Reversed Peak. The main glacier flowed to the north, creating Rush Creek Canyon. Another glacial branch turned south and east, but its flow was impeded and eventually stopped altogether as the granitic bedrock, since the southern branch created an uphill path toward the volcanic area of the Mono Craters.

     The community of June Lake retained its commercial vitality through the 1970s with the addition of a bank, hardware and paint store, welder, auto body repair, art and pottery galleries, and other businesses. Since that time, however, there has been a steady economic decline, spurred by the growth of the nearby town of Mammoth Lakes, which has drawn most commercial activity away from the outlying communities.

 

After the Tour

 

     I was so impressed by the natural wonder of the scenery and the disastrous damage to the area by human beings that I decided I would like to see the area again in a different season, especially the summer. The most attractive site for me was the June Lake Loop, where I’d like to camp and fish for the giant rainbow trout in the lake. However, I’ve been told that the huge trout are hard to catch since they’re old and cagey and that restocking of young trout has been curtailed almost entirely by California because the program is nearly bankrupt. Just another sad story about how human politics can damage the environment.

 


 

     In summer, I may also be able to cross Monitor Pass from Kings Canyon of the Sequoia Mountains. It may take weeks to explore the natural wonders, but what a wonderful part of the Earth we live in!

 

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